In the op-ed Governance will define Africa's oil, gas and energy transition , the author argues that governance, not resource abundance, is the decisive factor for upstream operators and investors across the continent. Context Africa holds some of the world's richest solar potential, vast wind corridors, major gas reserves, hydropower capacity and critical minerals, yet electricity consumption per capita remains lower than almost any other region. Millions of homes remain unconnected, and industries rely on diesel and hospitals ration power. The Governance Imperative A fair energy transition for Africa will not be decided by how quickly solar capacity is installed or climate commitments are signed. It will be determined by whether governance systems can translate resources into reliable power, affordable access and inclusive economic growth. For upstream operators and investors, governance defines whether projects reach completion or remain stalled, whether contracts are honored or disputed, and whether capital stays or exits the market. Key Drivers Across the continent, the evidence is clear. Where regulation is predictable, projects move forward. Where procurement is transparent, financing costs fall. Where institutions are independent, investor confidence grows. Kenya's clean energy progress, Senegal's improving power sector credibility and Uganda's hydropower expansion all reflect institutional discipline as much as resource potential. Outlook A just transition also requires balance. Africa's energy transition cannot precede prosperity, and hydrocarbons remain essential to achieving it. Natural gas, in particular, plays a critical role as a transition fuel, supporting grid stability and industrial growth. When effectively governed, oil and gas revenues can fund renewable deployment, grid expansion, education and healthcare. Governance ultimately comes down to leadership—leadership that protects institutions, resists short-term political pressure and recognizes that energy is foundational to economic stability.